Word: salk
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Although his suggested alternatives are vague, he is able to fall back on a proven axiom of science--that in the absence of theoretical barriers, if a development is needed, someone will sooner or later solve the problem. Scientists from Newton to Salk have expressed this sentiment, and not out of false modesty; one has only to look at the number of simultaneous discoveries in the history of science to see the trend of inevitability, in both theoretical and applied endeavor. Thus both Neptune, and the theory of evolution were simultaneously and independently discovered...
Doctors as well as parents are likely to be as confused about which measles vac cine to use as they are over Salk and Sabin polio vaccines. PHS licensed Merck Sharp & Dohme to distribute a live but attenuated vaccine, like the one developed by Dr. John F. Enders (TIME cover, Nov. 17, 1961) at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. It is immediately available and is highly effective. But in many children, it causes some fever and a rash, so many pediatricians will simultaneously give the child a shot of gamma globulin in the opposite arm. This lowers...
...Sabin live virus is taken orally, mixed with a syrup, on a sugar cube, or in a bonbon. Within one day it multiplies in the intestines, preventing the entry of the natural virus and protecting against non-paralytic polio, neither of which the Salk vaccine can do. Although one does of oral vaccine immunizes indefinitely against any one type of virus, three doses are needed for Types I, II, and III. The live virus, while too weak to attack the nerve tissue or produce symptoms of disease, causes the human host to produce the necessary antibodies. Furthermore, the virus retains...
...this means that Sabin vaccine costs little, is easy to administer, immunizes swiftly, protects thoroughly, and provides "hear-immunity." It is for these reasons that Brazil changed from Salk to Sabin vaccine when the U.S. made the latter available. For these reasons the Soviet Union orally inoculated over 90 million people before the United States even licensed the vaccine. Ceylon, Japan, Czechoslovakia, and other nations have bought vaccines from both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., and as Dr. Sabin testified before Congress, the "live" vs. "dead" dispute "has entered into the field of competition for favor in uncommitted nations...
While many doctors will continue to apply dead virus shots, the PHS noted that, despite the Salk campaign,...outbreaks and even some severe epidemics still occur.... [even] among individuals who have had 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine." Thus, even in the United States, the final end of polio may come only with the use of oral vaccine...