Word: sanction
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...power to give grades provides professors with a sanction for the exercise of authority in the educational process. Grades promote acquiescence and conformity among students and exempt teachers from the necessity of being relevant, interesting and well-prepared in their classes. Students refrain from criticizing mediocrity and dullness in part because of the fear of jeopardizing their grades, and in part because the process of grading has diverted attention away from learning itself. (We do not raise here the possibility the grades inspire political conformity between students and professors.) In general, the authoritarian relationship between teachers and students...
...fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the "blacklist." Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without a job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969 a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an SDS activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abie Hoffman or his friends...
...these reasons, it is possible that many of the nation's colleges and universities will soon tend to change their relationships with the military by abolishing academic credit for ROTC courses and by generally withdrawing official university sanction from ROTC activities. Certain aspects of ROTC's position on the campuses are now specified by law (e.g., the full professorships for the militarily-appointed commanders of ROTC units), but these requirements could likely be lifted under pressure from the colleges. The armed forces need the skilled manpower provided by the colleges more than the colleges need ROTC money...
...challenge the function of ROTC and its role in U.S. imperialism by posing the issue in academic terms is in effect to sanction that function. For in the end, ROTC stays on campus or it is thrown off. If it stays, in any form, it continues to provide junior officers for the U.S. military; it is this military that is engaged in the suppression of popular revolutions throughout the world and in the quelling of Black rebellions at home...
...draft--hardly an analogy to giving a bank robber who is a second offender an extra year or two in jail. Probation amounts to a warning that if a student commits the same kind of offence during the next term he will be suspended. Unless that sanction ends when the probation period ends, the punishment means nothing. The Dow demonstrators have been off probation since June, everyone at Paine Hall did the same thing, and no one should be singled out for special punishment...