Word: sanger
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...history of the U.S. toy industry. Total retail sales will reach $1,650,000,000, an 18% increase over 1958. Not only are toymakers selling more, but the big overall trend this year is toward higher prices for more elaborate and ingenious toys. Said a salesman at Dallas' Sanger Bros.: "An $8 toy isn't considered expensive at all any more...
Last week the high priestess of planned parenthood, Margaret Sanger herself, was in Tokyo seeing the Prime Minister. But though pleased that "in no nation in the world has the birth rate been cut so drastically in such a short time," she was distressed by the fact that few parents used contraceptives, instead relied on abortions, which are now legal and cost $2.78 if the mother can show that otherwise her health might be harmed, or that "unbearable" economic hardship might result. Margaret Sanger argued that too frequent abortions are also injurious to health, and Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi agreed...
Secret of Insulin. Led by a man thumping a small drum, a joyful group gathered in a Cambridge University lab to celebrate with champagne when word came that this year's chemistry prize had gone to British Chemist Frederick Sanger. A fellow at King's College, Sanger is attacking the mystery of life from another chemical angle. In 1954 Sanger announced that after ten years of work, he and a small group of colleagues had determined the structure of the insulin molecule. Their achievement did not result in cheaper or better insulin for the world's diabetics...
Proteins are enormously complicated molecules, and until Sanger's work on insulin, no one had ever been able to determine the structure of even the simplest of them. Chemists have known for many years that protein molecules are made of amino acids (nitrogen-containing organic acids) strung together in long chains or cables. By various kinds of rough treatment, the chemists could separate and count the amino acid building blocks. But this did not reveal their structural plan...
...Sanger tried treating the insulin molecule gently, succeeded in breaking it into large chunks. He separated the fragments and labeled the amino acids on their ends by making them combine with a material called DNP (for dinitropheny). When he broke the fragments into smaller fragments, the amino acids that had been in the end positions were stained yellow with DNP. There are 51 amino acid units in insulin, a comparatively simple protein. But Sanger's patience and skill eventually found the place of each in the long chain. Then he reassembled the fragments and learned how the chain...