Word: sectoral
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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During the past month, U.S. bombers have dropped on the vicinity of Khe Sanh some 31,000 tons of bombs, the greatest amount of tonnage ever concentrated on such a small sector. Even so, U.S. Air Force generals in Saigon concede that, because of poor visibility, the U.S. is able to detect only about 20% of the supplies being trucked down the Ho Chi Minh Trail for the buildup around Khe Sanh. As a result, the U.S. has resorted to saturation bombing of suspected supply areas that sometimes turn out to be ammunition and gasoline caches but are frequently only...
RELATIONS between management and organized labor in the private sector of the U.S. economy have been maturing for decades. Out of negotiation, intermittent conflict, legislation and court decision, there has emerged a generally workable system that breaks down on some spectacular occasions but in the main serves the cause of both sides as well as the public good. Not so in the crucially important and rapidly expanding public sector, which embraces everyone who works for government at any level-federal, state, county and municipal-and embodies every conceivable skill, from schoolteaching to garbage disposal. In that area, labor relations...
...major factor in making government workers more and more restive is the obvious difference between the rewards in the private sector and those in the public. Government pay scales often run below those paid by private industry. In Detroit, for instance, the median private hourly wage was $2.04 in 1955-against $1.79 for government workers. By 1967, the gap had widened: $3.49 to $3.09. Not many employees any longer consider it a privilege to work for the government. The job security of civil service has lost considerable point in a boom economy, where the demand for labor outstrips the supply...
State and local laws have attempted the difficult task of defining the essential difference between the public and the private sector. Differences undeniably exist, and many of them describe the problem that is generating strikes. Governments are monopolies that do not operate in response to the profit motive and that, unlike private industry, cannot go out of business. Raising commodity prices to meet the rising costs of labor is certainly easier than raising taxes. In private industry, management and its power are readily identifiable. But this is more complicated in representative government, where both power and management develop from...
Compulsory arbitration is now being suggested in some quarters as a last-ditch solution. Both management and labor are generally against it in the private sector, on the grounds that it undermines the collective-bargaining process. For the public sector, A.F.L.-C.I.O. President George Meany has suggested what he calls "voluntary arbitration"-the intercession of an informed and mutually acceptable third party to engineer a settlement. One difficulty here is the genuine doubt that representative government, which receives its mandate from the public, can legally bind itself to an outside judgment...