Word: seculare
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During the fifth and sixth centuries, the spiritual prestige of Rome's bishop became complicated by the fact that he was a secular power as well. At the time of the barbarian invasions, the Popes emerged as Rome's most prestigious leaders. Leo I, who stopped Attila the Hun at the gates of Rome, was the first to use the term primacy in reference to the papacy. The Prankish King Pepin gave the Pope jurisdiction over central Italy-and for the next 1,000 years bishops of Rome were land-governing princes as well as the spiritual leaders...
...From Secular to Spiritual. With the breakup...
...Christendom, the Popes lost much of their secular power. The watershed was the Reformation, which cost the papacy nearly half of its faithful subjects. Increasingly, bishops of Rome concentrated on purely spiritual matters, as a way of reasserting their authority. The Counter Reformation Council of Trent, which was closely directed by three strong-minded Popes, marked the beginning of the modern era of "papal maximalism." Theoretically at least, the question of papal prerogative seemed to have been settled by the First Vatican Council of 1870, which declared that the Pope, when he speaks ex cathedra for the church on matters...
...static order or a fixed fate. The very freedom of Western culture puts a heavy burden on losers. Western man's destiny is largely up to him?and so are his failures. The fabulous opportunities open to a new people on a new continent became the basis of a secular religion, a faith in competition and success. That faith shaped the American's attitude not only about his role in life but also about his country's role in the world. To a nation that has never lost a war, Douglas Mac-Arthur was being logical: "There...
...considered a racial slight, the 400 black ministers attending the meeting stalked out of the Gateway and finished their convention in an Episcopal church. The incident typified not only the touchy militancy of the conference but, in general, the mood of Negro Christian clergymen who enthusiastically support the contemporary secular demand for Black Power. Black caucuses have been formed within most of the major denominations to lobby for greater Negro participation in ecclesiastical decision making...