Word: secularize
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...extremist Israeli viewpoints, Oz debunks the myth of Israeli unanimity and crafts his vision for Israel in literary form. The series of interviews recorded in this book shows a wide range of Israeli public opinion: the anti-war movement, the anti-Zionists, the Arab nationalists, and Palestinians, the secular Jews, and the ultra-conservative Gush Emunim...
...opinion, Lebanon was a decisive turning point for Israelis. It fueled long standing antagonisms between the religious and the secular, between the hawks and the doves, necessitating a re-definition of the goals of the Israeli state. Israel could no longer pretend to be entirely unified, as groups such as Oz's Peace Now movement sponsored anti-war demonstrations in the capital. Less obvious but equally important was the widespread disappointment with the image of Israel the aggressor. Israelis could blame the Arabs for all six previous Arab-Israeli wars, and could justify the bloodshed as the defense of Israel...
...book--the only secular biography coming out of the Byzantine period--"purports to be the life of the grandfather by the grandson," says the 61-year-old scholar. "I purport it to be the life of the grandfather by a ghost-writer...
...match him," says Father Peter Manns, a Catholic theologian in Mainz. "On the question of truth, Luther is a lifesaver for Christians." While Western Protestants still express embarrassment over Luther's anti-Jewish rantings or his skepticism about political clergy, Communist East Germany has turned him into a secular saint because of his influence on German culture. Party Boss Erich Honecker, head of the regime's Luther-jahr committee, is willing to downplay Luther's antirevolutionary ideas, using the giant figure to bolster national pride...
Luther sought to declericalize society and to free people from economic burdens imposed by the church. But he was soon forced, if reluctantly, to deliver considerable control of the new Protestant church into the hands of secular rulers who alone could ensure the survival of the Reformation. Luther spoke of "two kingdoms." the spiritual and the secular, and his writings provided strong theological support for authoritarian government and Christian docility...