Word: secularized
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Satyagraha is certainly appealing, indeed beautiful. The score glows with a spiritual luminosity rarely encountered in this secular, anxious age, and its inner peace harmonizes with the tenets of the Bhagavad-Gita being sung and the goals of Gandhi's revolution acted out onstage. The opera's three acts (seven scenes) trace the beginnings of the Satyagraha movement during Gandhi's 21 years in South Africa: the founding of the Tolstoy Farm commune, the increasing resistance to discrimination against Indians, the climactic Newcastle march of 1913 in which Gandhi led striking miners in protest against restrictive racial...
...collective, ritualized behavior of the American crowds. Shaw defines a ritual as a formal enactment of a prescribed ceremony or routine usually with religious overtones. In the most provocative section of American Patriots. Shaw analyzes how the rituals of colonial society--paramount among them local celebrations of religious and secular holidays--might easily have been converted to revolutionary purposes. Such celebrations, particularly the annual Saturnalia, featuring mock overthrows of legitimate and illegitimate rulers, expressed, says Shaw, a profound ambivalence toward authority. While stating that the highly moral and serious-minded leaders of the revolution were not caught up in this...
...crucial legislation. This time the splinter parties got only 24 seats as voters rallied to either Labor or Likud. In the final analysis, though, it was Labor that demonstrated the most significant gains. The party managed to overcome deep divisions of its own to maintain its following among the secular-minded professional and urban population, and showed impressive strength (up to 30% in some places) among Israel's Arab citizens, largely because of a belief that Labor is more concerned than Likud for their day-to-day welfare...
...ruling clergy is determined to dash all hopes of combining modernism with Islam in Iran, which had been the idealistic and forlorn plan of Banisadr. For the fundamentalists, the Paris-educated economist who became President represented a suspiciously Western, secular influence in the revolutionary government. It made no difference that his father, the late Ayatullah Seyed Nasrollah Banisadr, had been an Islamic leader revered by Khomeini. Supporting the suspicions about the deposed President, Khomeini declared last week, "Banisadr and his ilk are Muslims, but their Islam somehow leaves room for U.S. domination." He also charged that Banisadr had urged...
Then there is the refusal to submit to external schemes or narratives. The Gates of Hell cannot be read as clearly as a Renaissance fresco or a medieval Last Judgment. It is less about divine doom than the condition of secular despair, mauvaise foi, the unrooting of the self-a vast and almost illegibly complex dirge that touches now and then on the original imagery of the Inferno but does not, in any strict sense, illustrate it. Yet its formal properties-the sudden shifts of scale, the aggressive protrusions of figures from the bronze skin, the sense of strain...