Word: shahs
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...Soviet army's seventh and most punishing assault on Afghanistan's Panjshir Valley this spring was in many respects an exercise in frustration. Moscow was determined to bring down Ahmad Shah Massoud, 30, a resourceful leader of the mujahedin, who have been defying the Soviets ever since they invaded the country in 1979. But only five days before the beginning of the Soviet operation, code-named Goodbye Massoud, the mujahedin commander suddenly slipped away from his headquarters and went into hiding. The following week the Soviets claimed Massoud was dead. Within hours, the rebel leader's voice...
That is a reputation that has plagued Switzerland for years. Argentina's Juan Perón, the Shah of Iran and Nicaragua's Anastasio Somoza had large Swiss accounts in the past. Among current world leaders, Zaïre's Mobutu Sese Seko is believed to have substantial holdings on deposit. Swiss banks have been a haven for foreign capital since the French Revolution. The current rules on confidentiality were set up in 1934 to protect Jews fleeing Nazi Germany...
...both sanctuary and symbol. The determined Mujahedin guerrillas have been nurtured by grain from its verdant hills, water from its mountain streams and shelter within caves in the shadow of its snow-capped peaks. Above all, the 70-mile-long valley has been the hideout and headquarters of Ahmad Shah Massoud, the charismatic 30-year-old Mujahedin leader who has united more than 5,000 squabbling resistance fighters under his shrewd and well-organized leadership...
...matter is crucial because Khomeini has come to realize how little he can afford to antagonize the bazaari, the prosperous and traditional merchants who helped finance his overthrow of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Four years ago the Ayatullah sneered that "economics matters to donkeys." By now, he has been heard to confess, "If the bazaar opted out of the Islamic Republic, the republic would face defeat...
...million. In 1983 alone Iran repaid $419.5 million to the American Export-Import Bank and also returned $350 million to France. Noorbaksh claims that within four years of the Ayatullah's takeover, Iran had accumulated foreign exchange reserves of $13 billion, higher than at any time during the Shah's rule. Foreign businessmen, mostly from the West, can again be seen all over Tehran...