Word: shamed
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What the new leadership seems to want is to make Soviet history respectable by recognizing that even the best of Communists can make mistakes. As one Soviet historian puts it: "We must write in such a way that we need not burn with shame in ten years' time." In this spirit, Brezhnev and Kosygin have ordered both the party's history and the official six-volume history of World War II to be rewritten and made "more objective...
...used to feel as if I had two heads," says Ann. "The children were the worst to face. They'd shout 'Lanky!' and 'What's the weather like up there?' and that sort of thing. I wanted to hide in shame...
...reinforce any moral lessons. Moreover, West Germany has become a youthful nation: over half its population of 58 million were born or grew up after the Nazi era. These new Germans, who had nothing to do with Hitler, will agree with ex-President Theodore Heuss in accepting a "collective shame" for their nation's past, but they refuse, and understandably, to shoulder forever a "collective guilt" for the sins of their fathers...
After the World War I defeat and the Versailles Treaty, which sought to impose "war guilt" on the vanquished, Germany developed, in the words of one historian, "an overwhelming sense of communal shame"-not for causing the war, but for the old Spartan sin of losing it. Delayed nationhood, humiliation, plus economic chaos and the example of Communist methods from which the Nazis borrowed much-each is essential but none is sufficient to explain Nazism. It could not have happened but for two additional qualities that in the past at least have always seemed to be part of the German...
...need has no shame...