Word: signalling
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Last week Kissinger took steps to signal the Kremlin that, however anxious the U.S. may be to curb the arms race, which is the central feature of détente, Washington will resist Soviet "adventurism." Testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the Secretary warned that "exploiting local crises for unilateral gain"?a reference to Kremlin intervention in Angola?"is not acceptable. This nation will not seek confrontations lightly, but we are determined to defend peace by resistance to pressures and irresponsible actions." For starters, the State Department announced that three scheduled Cabinet-level meetings with the Soviets on trade...
Morse Code. The idea of using light to convey information far predates the new fiber-optics technology demonstrated so dramatically by AT&T. Primitive man sent signals by building fires or waving torches; ships still use shuttered signal lamps to flash messages to each other. Proof that light could be sent along a curved "pipe"-like electricity flowing through a wire-was provided by British Physicist John Tyndall in 1870. He showed that light shining down on a tank of water could be carried by a stream pouring from a hole in the side of the tank to illuminate...
...conventional telephone hookup, sound waves entering a microphone are converted into electrical pulses, which travel along a copper wire to another phone, where they are converted back to sound waves. In a typical optical arrangement (see diagram), sound waves entering a telephone microphone are converted into electrical signals. These signals pass through an encoder, which converts them into electrical pulses that switch a laser on and off, interrupting a light beam being sent into the end of a fiber. The light thus travels in a series of pulses, not unlike Morse code, that race along the glass "wire...
Fibers have enormous advantages over wires. Because they do not "leak" light as copper wires "leak" electricity, fibers should eliminate the cross talk and static that can occur when one telephone wire spills some of its signal into a neighboring line. Measuring as little as one-thousandth of an inch in diameter, the fibers are also far less bulky than wires -an important consideration in cities, where underground cable conduits are already overcrowded. Eventually, the fibers may also prove cheaper. Supplies of copper are limited; silicon, the chief ingredient of glass fiber, is one of the most plentiful materials...
...President. At the start of 1976, he went over it once more with Ford, so that there was no misunderstanding. He understood, he told the President, that events could make it necessary for him to resign to prevent Ford's political defeat. Kissinger was ready and willing on signal. And he would do it so that it would not impair the continuity of America's foreign policy. Just what signal Ford would give Kissinger is a greater secret than what the Secretary talks about in the Kremlin. But the understanding between President and Secretary is complete...