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Cancer of the prostate is the most common type among men in the developed world. In the U.S., where 186,000 people receive the diagnosis each year, only skin cancer is more common. But despite its prevalence, the lack of a fail-safe test is a frustration to physicians. Currently, older men at risk of prostate cancer undergo a PSA test, which detects a protein called prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Men who have elevated PSA levels, which may indicate cancer, undergo invasive biopsies but often end up not having the disease at all. Even when the biopsy finds...
...then, we didn't have any freedom, and moral vice was widespread." The son chipped in, "I would say, I don't know about freedom, 'cause I wasn't there, but vice was probably just more on the surface back then, whereas now, it is under the city's skin...
...tolerate the psychological pain they are experiencing," says Dr. John L. McIntosh, a psychologist and suicide expert at Indiana University. "Sometimes it takes years for the effect of economic downturn or instability to trickle down to the level of the psyche or penetrate the psyche, to get under the skin to produce some of the negative outcomes such as suicides...
...year later, Yamanaka followed up his work by reporting success with the same four factors in turning back the clock on human skin cells. At about the same time, in Wisconsin, Thomson achieved the same feat using a different cocktail of genes. With those studies, what became known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) were suddenly a reality. Never mind the frustratingly fickle process needed to create embryonic stem cells; this was something any molecular-biology graduate student could do. "We figured somebody would have success with reprogramming. We just thought that somebody would come along a generation from...
...Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto University, turns back the clock on mouse skin cells to create the first induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, or stem cells made without the use of embryos. He uses only four genes, which are inserted into a skin cell's genome using retrovirus vectors...