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Kundermann and Onen are the second and third European sleep scientists to speak out this week against the CIA's use of published academic literature on sleep deprivation. On Monday, James Horne, a British researcher who was also cited by CIA medical experts in recently declassified memos, called the agency's medical reasoning "nonsense." (See pictures from inside Guantánamo Bay's detention facilities...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation | 4/21/2009 | See Source »

...study in question by Kundermann, which was published in 2004 in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, found that people who were deprived of sleep for one night had an increased sensitivity to certain types of pain. Two Justice Department memos, dated May 10, 2005, cited this study as justification to conclude that severe sleep deprivation of up to 180 consecutive hours might cause some increased pain but not "severe physical pain" when used in conjunction with facial slaps, stress positions, water dousing and walling, in which a detainee is slammed against a flexible wall...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation | 4/21/2009 | See Source »

...Because sleep deprivation appears to cause at most only relatively moderate decreases in pain tolerance, the use of these techniques in combination with extended sleep deprivation would not be expected to cause severe physical pain," wrote Steven Bradbury, a principal deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel, who authored the memos...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation | 4/21/2009 | See Source »

Kundermann, who found out about the CIA's use of his work from a TIME reporter, said his research did not justify the Justice Department's conclusion. "We were working with healthy volunteers and didn't deprive them of sleep for more than one day without allowing them to recover," he said. "Even under these circumstances, certain changes can occur, such as hallucinations, depending on the individual's condition." (See six ways...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation | 4/21/2009 | See Source »

...contrast, he noted that the effects of coercive detention and the dietary restrictions imposed by the CIA's interrogation program could have wildly different effects. "It would never be possible in Germany to deprive a person of sleep for several days because this can have serious effects," Kundermann said. "It can result in psychosis, for instance." He said using his study to evaluate the CIA program was like using a study about "the transient reactions of a little schnapps" to justify forcing prisoners to "drink large amounts of alcohol...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: Scientists Claim CIA Misused Work on Sleep Deprivation | 4/21/2009 | See Source »

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