Word: socialism
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...Ghazi ("The Victorious") died last week, he would have left to the people he ruled so firmly a legacy unmatched by any other 20th Century ruler in material, social, educational accomplishments. Realizing that national prestige paid dividends. President Atatürk, with the driving force of a dictator, built up a modern, mechanized army. That made Turkey sought after by Germany, France and England, as a powerful Near Eastern ally. His Government doubled the country's railroad mileage, started sugar and textile factories, coal and iron industries to make Turkey more self-sufficient. He ordered electrification and reforestation programs...
Even before the entrance of formalized government work in the field of social security and relief problems, the machine was at best a palliative. "It worked by hook or by crook. Its rehabilitative influence was accidental rather than purposeful; being essentially a means to an organizational end, it met despondency in a haphazard way, coping with immediate aspects as they presented themselves...
...things that has paved the way for the decline of boss rule has been the advent of necessity as a directing power recently become a major factor in American life. Professionalism in social services and trained personnel became a serious problem. Further, the machine was unable to carry on its former ward beneficence in periods of prolonged economics crises...
...Although the Social Security Board is explicitly barred from imposing standards of its own upon the state and local appointive power, the Board is instructed to direct its attention to the proper enforcement of the law." Thus the Board will have more and more to do with each unit of government listed under the social security program run by experts and this is "rat poison for the machine...
Machine rule has not only lost its adjustment function, but also has suffered from a changed temperament of the times, "Marx continues. This "changed temperament" is the "rapid evaporation of non-interventionist illusions of government" and the "Conservationist tendencies supplanting the carefree indifference toward social squandering...