Word: socialism
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Dates: during 2010-2019
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Additionally, the World Bank has emphasized that “social norms transformation is the key to fighting petty corruption.” To really change the way the system works, countries need to change the attitude that corruption is an expected feature of interaction with government. And as a recent Boston Globe story notes, game theory models have shown that it only takes a few actors demanding honesty to fundamentally change a corrupt system...
...zero-rupee note attacks this social problem through social, rather than political, means. Various news sources have reported that officials are often shocked and shamed when given the note and quickly perform the necessary service without a bribe. One man who was overcharged for a car-parking fine, Ashok Jain of Chennai, immediately shamed the attending policemen into charging him the correct fee by handing them a zero rupee note, and an old lady who had been fighting for a land title for years gave the note to a local official and finally received the document after over a year...
...zero-rupee note program works because corruption is often a product of social norms. As development efforts go forward, such efforts to change social norms should be emphasized above ineffective structural reforms that paper over persisting problems. India has had legal structures meant to fight corruption since the country’s inception, but in the words of Kennedy School professor Lant Pritchett, “the de jure process no longer has any real claim on the behavior of the agents of the state, who are following a different de facto set of procedures” that have basically...
...that set women apart from men—were humanly created, Beauvoir argued, not natural. Rather than evidencing a perverted female essence or mistaken choice, feminine traits reflected woman’s situation. For Beauvoir, women’s biological nature could never be experienced apart from this second social nature: The body, and with it, body-consciousness, were always historically mediated...
Ultimately, Beauvoir wanted to have it both ways. Rebuffing the idea of a fixed female essence, Beauvoir envisioned a woman who realized herself in economic and social independence. At the same time, she upheld the need for gender difference, however qualified, deriding women who denied their femininity and became no more men than women in the process. Since gender equality entailed neither difference nor imitation, and the biological binary of XX and XY occluded any middle ground, Beauvoir seemed to render all feminist stances equally untenable...