Word: socialist
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...Portugal prepared for its first parliamentary election in half a century, the Socialist show of strength was only one of 1,000 political rallies held in a single day-no mean feat considering the country's 8.5 million population. That the campaign was under way at all was a measure of the changes wrought in the past five months. Until the abortive left-wing coup last November, Portugal frequently seemed on the verge of a Communist dictatorship. That danger has now virtually disappeared...
...SOCIALIST PARTY, led by former Foreign Minister Soares, 51, will be trying to best its impressive 38% showing in last April's election for a Constituent Assembly. Two early polls show the Socialists getting about 40%. In the past year Soares has edged the party closer to the center. Its platform advocates increased private investment, price controls, guarantees of property rights of small farmers and a new agrarian-reform program. It opposes further nationalizations...
...immigrant reaction was swift and sudden. The Jews' strong communal sense, Howe suggests, opened them to the socialist organization brought by radicals arriving from Warsaw and Vilna after 1905. Socialism became for the Jews a belief, as idealistic fervor, which, the immigrants hoped, would bring the actuality of their American world closer to their original vision of it. The new Bund leaders snatched their chances in the shirtwaist makers strike of 1909 which made of a brave but undisciplined group of female shopworkers the members of a recognized ILGW union and a year later, in the cloak-makers strike which...
...spite of Howe's anti-revisionist contention that these strikes transformed the consciousness of thousands of immigrant workers, what remains crucial is that the Jewish socialist goals were never realized. Consequently workers turned to the more traditionally American channels where they gained at the polls what they lost in ideological consistency. Howe traces the gradual compromise of radical values in the ever-narrowing circles of influence between the reformers and the Tammany machine. Belle Moscowitz, charming New York's governor Al Smith onto a course of social betterment, replaced the self-educated worker as the Jewish version of political success...
...between the artistic aspirations of its playwrights and the communal experiences clamoured for by its audiences, emerged as brilliant, outrageous theatricality, a cross between a synogogue and a bawdy house, as the poet Moshe Lieb Halpern called it. At the center of this precarious world was The Forward, a socialist paper published daily in Yiddish by the remarkable Abraham Cahan. Howe notes that the problem with The Forward was precisely the problem with the Jewish community: ambivalence toward the American vision of success. Cahan himself wrote the outstanding novel of the Jewish immigrant experience, The Rise of David Levinsky, which...