Word: sociologists
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...Sociologist Arlie Hochschild calls it the "stalled revolution." Since the '70s, women have poured into the workplace, compelled by economic necessity and personal ambition, to the point where dual-wage-earner families are now the norm. Yet somehow neither work nor the family has changed enough to make this a tenable situation. Day care is still catch as catch can. Employers still demand 110%, while spouses and children still need clean socks and a ride to the dentist. Add stagnating wages and layoff anxiety, and for millions of Americans, each week becomes a stressful triage between work and home that...
...nation is still in that period of transition, observes Kenneth Clark, 81, the black sociologist upon whose work the Brown decision in part relied. "I didn't realize how deep racism was in America, and I suppose the court didn't realize it either," he says. Ten years after Brown, when only 2% of black children in the South attended schools with whites, the court announced, "The time for mere 'deliberate speed' has run out." In 1968 the court declared that discrimination must be "eliminated root and branch." In 1971, noting that about 40% of American schoolchildren routinely rode buses...
...federal court approval of a return to neighborhood schools back in 1986, for the stated purpose of increasing parental involvement and arresting white flight. Black parents had sued to block the new plan because it would immediately render 10 elementary schools, many of them serving housing projects, 100% black. Sociologist David Armor, retained as an expert witness by the school board, predicted that if Norfolk's crosstown busing continued, the whole school system would soon become 75% black, making racial balance impossible. "Civil rights groups have always discounted the importance of whites," he says today, "which has always been...
...federal court's ruling rendered the return to neighborhood schools inevitable, Wilson and the other dissenter changed their votes in exchange for a commitment that the all-black schools would be targeted for extra resources, though Wilson doubts the promise will be kept forever. (As Harvard School of Education sociologist Gary Orfield has observed, "A less powerful group isn't going to get disproportionate resources for a very long time from a more powerful group. It requires that water flow uphill.") For the 1993-94 school year, the district's average expenditure per pupil in the black "target" elementary schools...
...whole discussion of desegregation is corrupted by the fact that we mix up race and class," says Harvard sociologist Orfield. "You don't gain anything from sitting next to somebody with a different skin color. But you gain a lot from moving from an isolated poverty setting into a middle-class setting." National statistics provide suggestive evidence that desegregation raises blacks' academic achievement (without lowering whites'), despite its apparent failure in such high-profile cases as Yonkers--where middle-class flight left low-income students concentrated in high-poverty schools. A massive 1993 Department of Education study of Chapter...