Word: solarized
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...This solar observatory, called S-17, will be the second such platform in space. S-16, which went up about a year ago, is the first of a series that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration plans to orbit during the current solar activity cycle of 11 years. The Harvard instrument which S-17 will carry was made at the College Observatory by a group directed by Leo Goldberg, Higgins Professor of Astronomy. William Liller, Robert Wheeler Willson professor of Applied Astronomy, is assistant director of the project, and the instrument was built and tested by Edmond Reeves, William Parkinson...
...ultraviolet spectrometer, about the size and shape of a window box, will provide new information about the solar flares that erupt now and then from the sun's atmosphere, appearing as tongues of luminous gas flicking outward around sun spots. During a flare, clouds of ionized hydrogen gas--protons and electrons--shoot out, filling interplanetary space with intense radiation. When these clouds encounter the earth and pass through the earth's magnetic field into the polar regions, they produce the northern lights, and cause short-wave radio transmission to fade or black...
...flare is accompanied by a burst of ultraviolet radiation, and the Harvard instrument can record this radiation in two ways. First, it can concentrate on a small spot in the center of the solar disc and record, in about 27 minutes, the intensity of radiation over the whole ultraviolet spectrum. During its other "mode" of operation, the eye of the spectrometer will scan the whole disk of the sun, back and forth, bottom to top, recording at just one wavelength. Each complete scan will take about four and one-half minutes and will provide a crude ultraviolet picture...
...intensity of the ultraviolet radiation that accompanies a solar flare varies from one point of the spectrum to another. Also, at any one wavelength, the intensity varies as the flare moves through the sun's atmosphere. Ultraviolet light is a kind of thermometer, and these changes reflect temperatures varying from about 10,000 to about one million degrees centigrade. As it scans, the Harvard instrument will be recording the occurrence and spread of flares in every region. When the instrument is fixed on the center of the sun, it will provide more detailed information on how and where flares originate...
...terrestrial receivers because they are blocked by the earth's ionosphere, the outer layer of the atmosphere composed of ionized, or charged, molecules and free electrons. These long radio waves convey a great deal of information--about the origin of cosmic rays, magnetic fields in space, the mechanism of solar flares, and radio storms on Jupiter, for example. To record these long waves, Harvard, in cooperation with the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, has built and orbited a series of small radio telescopes above the opaque ionosphere...