Word: sovereignity
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...battle was joined on the most fundamental conflict between the sovereign states. There were plenty of other differences -- between Northern and Southern states, commercial and agricultural states, coastal and inland states, slave and nonslave states -- but the basic issue was the comparative voting strengths of large states and small. Most of the big states demanded a powerful national government; the small ones feared coercion and insisted on states' rights. And neither side put much trust in the other...
...this 200th anniversary of the founding of the constitution, it must be repeated again and again that in the system of checks and balances devised by the Founding Fathers "the people" ultimately are sovereign. Elected officials rule at their pleasure and on their behalf. It was correctly assumed that the people would play a greater, if less explicit role in the governing of their lives than any of the three branches of government that magnificent document created. It was that obligation Americans neglected after they twice elected Ronald Reagan to the presidency. If any good is to come...
Current international human rights law is not entirely ambiguos, holds that human rights affairs are not solely a domestic concern. It is inevitably limited, however, by the lack of an effective enforcement mechanism in an Hobbesian world of sovereign states. For the U.S., the necessary infusion of ethics into international relations requires a recognition that geopolitical gains and losses for each superpower are a fact of life in a dynamic, interrelated world...
...preventing thermonuclear calamity. Underground tests are conducted in sufficiently deep chambers with adequate safety measures to prevent ecological damage both in the country performing the tests or beyond its borders. As long as nuclear weapons exist and are not banned, the decision regarding underground testing is the internal, sovereign affair of each nuclear power...
...arrest warrant against Marcinkus could lead to a complex standoff between the Vatican and the Italian government. Italian officials cannot enter the Vatican to serve the arrest warrant, much less retrieve their man. Since the Lateran Treaty of 1929, Italy has recognized the 108.7-acre Vatican as a sovereign state. No extradition treaty, however, exists between the two. In 1982, shortly after the Italian Justice Ministry sent Marcinkus a "judicial warning" announcing that he and his two subordinates were under investigation, the Archbishop moved inside Vatican walls. Today he lives simply in a Vatican apartment...