Word: spanishness
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...situation really gets ugly. Here come several hundred other Lan celotians marching behind loudspeaker trucks. In their own tongue-a kind of pidgin Spanish-they shout anti-American slogans. They hurl fistfuls of sand in the Marines' faces, threaten them, push them and form human barricades. They are then joined in their hostility by the natives who originally had welcomed the Marines. "Form wedges! Form wedges, goddammit!" cries a harassed Marine sergeant. Finally, the Marines disperse the mob and start pushing inland...
This is Indian South America, land of the ancient Incas and Spanish conquistadores, whose 45 million descendants have always lived in mutually exclusive societies: the white Spanish minority that owns the wealth and the hopeless, anonymous Indian and half-breed majority that exists in squalid slums or labors on Andean haciendas. "In the sweep of all its history," says Belaúnde, "our land has been the theater of endless bloody struggles. And always there remained great gulfs between the conquerors and the conquered...
...Busy Building. While Belaúnde builds, Communism tries to tear him clown. Each week, Moscow, Peking and Havana beam 110 hours of short-wave hate into Peru and the other west-coast nations. The broadcasts, in Spanish and Quechua, urge the Indians to take up their slingshots to "exterminate the capitalist wolves." From time to time, a few Red-led bands have invaded highland haciendas and stirred trouble in the mines. But the Communists are few and out of date in Peru. The country is too busy working on Fernando Belaúnde's Peruvian architecture...
...BOLIVIA has come a long way since 1948, when a La Paz newspaper carried an advertisement: "For sale-200 hectares of land, 47 hogs, 83 Indians." Since the 1952 revolution that toppled the country's feudal tin barons, the Spanish criollos, who make up a mere 15% of the country's 4,000,000 people, no longer traffic in serfs, and most Indians have their own plot of land. Yet, on the 12,000-ft. Andean plateau, where 75% of Bolivians live, the peasants still sleep on dried llama fetuses to cure what ails them, still subsist mainly...
...Spanish or Quechua. Whatever the problems of the others, Peru has them all-and more. It is the biggest of the west-coast nations, the heart of the ancient Inca empire, and no place for the timid. "When you see no trees," said one 16th century Spanish navigator, "you have reached Peru." The seacoast capital, Lima, is bigger than Detroit, and sleek modern skyscrapers crowd in on some of the most magnificent Spanish architecture this side of Madrid. Yet 400,000 of its 2,000,000 citizens squat in festering slums, among them the infamous Planeta, built next...