Word: spectrogram
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...rainbow of colors ranging from short-wave-length violet light at one end to longer-wave-length red at the other, star spectra show a series of characteristic bright and dark vertical lines that indicate the presence of specific chemical elements. In 1868, one such line in a spectrogram of the sun enabled British Astronomer Norman Lockyer to detect the existence of a new element-helium-before it was discovered on the earth...
...proof were published in Nature, the world of science also went into a state of shock. Astronomer Greenstein promptly shelved his own unpublished quasar theory, admitting that "if it weren't for Maarten, I could have been caught with my scientific trousers down." Instead, he turned to a spectrogram that he had taken from quasar 3C 48 and - using Schmidt's redshift key - discovered that 3C 48 was re ceding even faster than 3C 273. By Hubble's law it appeared to be some 4 billion light-years away...
...most brilliant objects in the universe, shining with the light of from 50 to 100 galaxies, each containing 100 billion stars as bright as the sun. Where did all the energy come from? Searching for answers, Dr. Schmidt and his colleagues pored over spectrograms which showed quasar light separated into its various wave lengths. They knew that the most distant fast-moving bodies should show spectrogram lines of far ultraviolet light whose waves had been lengthened so much in their shift toward the red that they would appear in that part of the spectrum where the much longer waves...
Tripled Wave. Step by painful step Schmidt's search identified spectrogram lines and unlocked the spectral secrets of five new quasars. The most distant of them, 3C-9, showed signs of a kind of ultraviolet which comes from the sun in considerable quantities but is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. It had never been photographed before by surface observatories. In the 3C-9's spectrum, its wave length had been more than tripled by shifting toward the red. It showed as an easily photographed blue and proved that the quasar's speed...
This independent observation is not so firm a support as a photograph would be, and it is not so informative as a spectrogram, which might tell what chemical elements are responsible for the red color. But astronomers are notoriously skeptical about strange eruptions on the moon, and these confirmed reports are unusually convincing. They also tend to bear out 1961 sightings by Russian Astronomer Nikolai Kozyrev. Dr. Hall believes that the fierce heat of returning sunlight may have released gases from the lunar interior. At a Dallas conference on newly discovered astronomical objects last week, Nobel Chemist Dr. Harold Urey...