Word: sputniked
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...artificial earth satellite." Had Nesmeyanov made a similar statement last week about Russia's readiness to make a trip to the moon, his declaration would have made the front pages everywhere. A year has made a world of difference. Today, with Russia's giant 1½ ton Sputnik orbiting in space alongside the more finely tooled objects that Premier Khrushchev contemptuously dismisses as the American "oranges," Soviet science is universally acknowledged to belong in the world's top drawer...
...does it compare with the scientific programs of the West? From foolishly dismissing Russian science before the Sputnik many have come to overpraise it. Among the dozens of American, British and German scientists who have visited Russia in recent years, a sounder assessment is now emerging. "The Western scientific picture," concludes West German Biologist Arnold Buchholz, "shows a much more finely woven net of research themes, with a great number of high points, and a higher level of quality. Soviet science is marked by massive points of heavy concentration and a great difference in the level of quality...
...Sputnik III, said Fedorov, is an automatic spaceborne laboratory capable of making observations of many kinds. Its instruments, which account for 2,129 Ibs. of its weight, are "considerably improved" over those of the earlier Sputniks. They are mainly in three groups. One group observes conditions in the earth's atmosphere, including composition, pressure, ionization, electrical phenomena and the earth's magnetic field. Another observes nonearthly phenomena, such as cosmic rays, meteorites and solar radiation...
...third group of instruments serves the first two groups, regulating temperature, turning apparatus on and off at the proper times and transmitting data to earth. Like its predecessors, Sputnik III transmits on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 megacycles. It has chemical batteries and also solar batteries like the U.S. Vanguard satellite...
...Holder of the world's altitude record is Laika. the dog put into orbit in Sputnik II, which reached a maximum distance of 1.056 miles from the earth. Highest U.S. travelers to have survived: two rhesus monkeys, Pat and Mike, sent to an altitude of 37 miles in a U.S. Aerobee rocket in 1952. Highest human: Captain Iven C. Kincheloe Jr., who got to 126,000 ft. (24 miles) in the U.S.A.F.'s X2, for "a couple of minutes" in 1956. * About 38 hours, piled up in hundreds of missions and thousands of maneuvers (flying a Keplerian trajectory...