Word: stalinized
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...while Deng intends his reforms to be permanent, Lenin viewed the N.E.P. as a strategic retreat. Stalin put an end to it and launched the Soviet Union on a nearly total collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of industry. Stalin's system became the dominant version of Marxism, if only because the U.S.S.R. for decades was the sole significant officially Marxist state and remains its most powerful...
...criticisms of Soviet economic performance. "You squander countless resources in every industry," he told party workers in Leningrad last May. But so far he has been unwilling to modify in any essential way the system of centralized state control of every aspect of economic life fashioned by Joseph Stalin; he has been trying only to make it work better. While promising to "restructure" the economy, Gorbachev pointedly avoids using the word reform, apparently because it implies a more drastic change than any he is ready to contemplate...
...workers; in several provinces they have become the dominant form of business. Nationwide, though, more than 85,000 state-owned enterprises account for a heavy majority of jobs and four-fifths of China's industrial output. Until very recently they operated under a system that Mao had copied from Stalin: ministries in Peking assigned all raw materials and dictated all investments, told every factory manager what and how much to produce and where to sell it and at what price, set wages and assigned jobs, took all profits and subsidized any losses. As late as 1984, one factory manager...
Early on, Deng's government began revising this system too. In 1979 it halted a Stalin-style Five-Year Plan that emphasized heavy industry, like steel mills, and redirected much investment into consumer goods: refrigerators, washing machines, TV sets. Some of the controls have been progressively loosened. In 1982 Peking stopped dictating all garment styles and freed the city's factories to adopt their own designs. Result: though perhaps 80% of any randomly assorted crowd are still dressed in baggy Mao suits, there is a generous sprinkling of blue jeans, Western-style business suits and coats, skirts and knee-high...
...February of the preceding year Deng had been in the audience when Khrushchev delivered his celebrated "secret speech" denouncing Stalin's excesses. The parallels between Stalin's personality cult and Mao's increasing use of self-glorification seem to have made an impression on Deng. At the Chinese Communist Party's National Congress seven months later, Deng openly warned, in Mao's presence, that "serious consequences can follow from the deification of the individual." It was an extraordinary act of temerity, even for a rising star...