Word: standardized
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...despite Brazil's postwar manufacturing and building booms, the reality of today often mocks the vision of tomorrow. The malodorous, disease-ridden favelas (shantytowns) on Rio's hillsides are better indicators of the standard of living than the new apartment houses near by. Millions of rural Brazilians live in shacks, exist on a diet of beans, rice and manioc root, with a little jerked beef. Two out of three are illiterate...
...piece of cobalt pipe is not impressive looking. It is only 13 in. long and 2 in. in diameter, but it is more radio active than the world's entire stock of refined radium. The pipe will be the star in a new kind of chemical laboratory that Standard Oil Development Co. is building at Linden, N.J. The lab. the first of its kind and scale in private industry (cost: $1,000,000), will use atomic radiation to promote chemical reactions. In preparation for the plant's completion, the cobalt pipe has been absorbing neutrons for 24-years...
...Standard Oil's scientists are primarily interested in oil refining. They hope that gamma rays will do the job of high pressure, high temperature and conventional catalysts-all of which are expensive. But "radiation catalysis" has possibilities far beyond oil refining. It can cause "polymerization"; i.e., join molecules of a liquid into solid, plasticlike substances. By making a reaction proceed at low temperature, it can produce valuable compounds that would be destroyed by the heat of an ordinary chemical reaction...
...single cobalt radiation source, which will cost Standard more than $17,000, is not powerful enough for a full-scale production setup. If the company decides to build an atomic oil refinery, it is thinking of using a nuclear reactor as a lavish source of radiation. Its scientists hope that by that time reactors will be safe enough to trust in a populated area...
...Service was working on a plan that may change all that. An affiliate of the College Entrance Examination Board, the service has 92 members willing to cooperate on a new experiment in,, awarding scholarships. From now on, an applicant for a scholarship from a member campus will get a standard form asking him and his family every detail about finances down to the family car. The service will send copies of the form to the various campuses to which the student applied. Armed with this common information, the campuses will then decide just how much the student should get. Instead...