Word: states
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...University of Akron, a dozen black students occupied the administration building while the president and 19 staff members locked themselves in their offices. Responding to rumors that the blacks were armed and shots had been fired, Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes rushed 90 state troopers to the campus, alerted 700 National Guardsmen, dispatched the state adjutant general to Akron, and then flew there himself. "We are not going to put up with it in Ohio," said the Governor. At issue on the urban campus, which draws many of its students from the blue-collar families of Akron's rubber...
...real question is whether the Court is inclined to interpret the First Amendment in terms of absolutism or pragmatism. In recent years, the nation's social needs have modified the separation of church and state. Churches receive many kinds of government aid for their hospitals, poverty work and other public services. The rationale, as lawmakers see it, is that churches play a key role in the welfare state. Besides, the denial of such aid might violate the First Amendment's "free exercise" of religion clause. What limits, if any, remain...
...Supreme Court allowed states to finance bussing for parochial-school students; in 1968, it approved free textbooks for secular courses. More direct state aid seemed impermissible. Then came the Pennsylvania Education Act of 1968, the first of its kind in the U.S. That remarkable law allows the state to pay parochial schools the "actual cost" of teachers' salaries, textbooks and teaching aids in four secular fields: mathematics, modern foreign languages, physical sciences and physical education. The state pays the bill ($4,000,000 last year) solely through its income from horse and harness racing...
Long-Run Loss? The law has just been upheld by a 2-to-1 vote of a panel of three federal judges. Its chief purpose, said the majority, is to "promote the welfare of the people." While it may indirectly benefit sectarian teaching, the state remains neutral toward religion-just as it does in providing parochial schoolchildren with free lunches, a practice already considered legal. Because the Pennsylvania law does not "advance or inhibit religion," said the majority, it satisfies the First Amendment...
...argued the lone dissenter, Judge William H. Hastie, a leading Negro jurist and former governor of the Virgin Islands. As he sees it, the law's real aim is not to promote the general welfare but to save parochial schools. Wrote Hastie: "When the state reimburses a sectarian school for any part of the curricular costs of a teaching program, it directly finances and supports a religious enterprise. Constitutionally, such subsidizing of a religious enterprise is not essentially different from a payment of public funds into the treasury of a church." The fact that such aid incidentally relieves...