Word: states
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...question is, Does any of this work? In Georgia, where boot camps were invented in 1983, boosters claim that it costs only $3,400 to house and revamp one inmate in 90 days, in contrast to the $15,000 annual bill for housing a prisoner in the state penitentiary. Boot camps provide one unquestioned benefit: they get the youthful offenders off the street and give them a taste of the debasement of prison life while offering them a startling "one last chance" to straighten...
...from the general prison population. Blitzing young people into acceptable behavior through terror has been tried before and has failed. Ohio experimented with "shock probation" in 1965, sentencing first offenders to the penitentiary for 90 days. The disastrous results were indolence, sodomy and violence. ) Prisoners at the East Jersey State Prison in Rahway played real-life roles in which they confronted juvenile offenders on probation to demonstrate the violence behind the walls. Subsequent studies by Rutgers University showed that the 1978 film Scared Straight frightened the lesser punks into proper living, but the more sophisticated toughs came to view...
After moving to California and earning a master's degree in psychology at California State University at Los Angeles, Braden had brief stints as a sixth-grade teacher and a school psychologist. But he missed sports and soon abandoned education to help Kramer organize pro-tennis tours. In 1963, when Kramer opened his tennis club at Rolling Hills Estates, Calif., Braden became its manager and teaching...
Disparities such as these prompted the Texas Supreme Court last week to declare the state's method of school finance unconstitutional. In a 9-to-0 decision, the court said the wide gaps between the richest and the poorest of Texas' 1,071 districts violate a provision of the state constitution requiring an "efficient" education. Funneling resources to poorer districts would reduce some of these differences. But money alone is not enough. What Texas schools need, said the court, is an overhaul. "A Band-Aid will not suffice," said Justice Oscar H. Mauzy. "The system itself must be changed...
...push for uniform goals is relatively recent, however, while the movement for uniform financing is more than two decades old. Since 1973, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that equal access to education is not a fundamental right under the federal Constitution, at least ten states have seen their school- financing systems overturned under state-constitution provisions. In June the Kentucky Supreme Court struck down that state's financing methods, ordering the legislature not only to equalize spending but also to reorganize "the whole gamut of the common-school system...