Word: states
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Donald C. Johanson is director of the Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University...
...Bell Labs, Shockley recognized early on that the solution to one of the technological nightmares of the day--the cost and unreliability of the vacuum tubes used as valves to control the flow of electrons in radios and telephone-relay systems--lay in solid-state physics. Vacuum tubes were hot, bulky, fragile and short-lived. Crystals, particularly crystals that can conduct a bit of electricity, could do the job faster, more reliably and with 1 million times less power--if only someone could get them to function as electronic valves. Shockley and his team figured out how to accomplish this...
...received opinion. ("A goodly number of scientists," Watson explained, "are not only narrow-minded and dull but also just stupid.") Yet the Watson and Crick story is also one of sublime harmony, an example, as a colleague put it, of "that marvelous resonance between two minds--that high state in which 1 plus 1 does not equal 2 but more like...
...life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement--hugely popular in America and Europe among the "better sort" before Hitler gave it a bad name--which held that intelligence was mostly inherited and that people deficient in it should be discouraged from reproducing. The state sterilization that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes notoriously endorsed in a 1927 Supreme Court decision (with the slogan "Three generations of imbeciles are enough") was done with an IQ score as justification...
...life-giving "orgone energy"--which, he said, was expressed through neurosis-free orgasms. He fled to the U.S. and soon had followers like Norman Mailer sitting naked in orgone accumulators to achieve "orgastic potency" as well as relief from everything from anxiety to cancer. Meanwhile, Reich's own mental state became increasingly suspect when he blamed UFOs for a deadly counter-energy and said red fascists were out to get him. He died in 1957 while serving a two-year federal prison term for shipping his "dangerous" boxes across state lines...