Word: strainingly
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Gutenberg University in Mainz discovered that common mosquitoes from Paris that were mated with members of the same species from Hamburg would not produce offspring. The reason for this sterility, he determined, was a difference in the cytoplasm (the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus) between the Paris and Hamburg strains of mosquitoes. Because of this difference, the egg cells of the females of one strain could not accept the sperm cells from males of the other strain, causing the female to lay infertile eggs. This Franco-German incompatibility was not unique. In succeeding years, Laven discovered 19 additional strains...
Aggressive Males. One of these incompatible pairings consisted of a strain from Fresno, Calif., and a Burmese strain that transmitted filariasis, a tropical disease that causes chills, fever and headaches and can lead to elephantiasis. Last March, after breeding a host of strong male mosquitoes from insects caught around Fresno, he flew them to Burma and released 5,000 a day in the isolated village of Okpo. "Those huge males," Laven says, "were quicker and stronger than the indigenous breed." The Fresno males immediately began outdoing their Okpo counterparts in mating with Okpo females-which promptly began laying infertile eggs...
Cytoplasmic incompatibility can be widely used to control mosquitoes, Laven says, but he cautions that total eradication of mosquito populations might have unpredictable ecological effects. To fill the gap that his control technique may create, he is attempting to produce a mosquito strain that will not transmit filariasis-and hopes eventually to develop a breed that simply will not bite humans...
...disease of my profession," adds Yale's Kingman Brewster Jr., president of the nation's third oldest and second richest private university, "but it's almost impossible to exaggerate this problem." Yale, he says bluntly, "has never had a more difficult financial prospect-and a serious strain on resources for Yale is a crisis for other places...
...breakthroughs in knowledge have led to a proliferation of specialized studies that constitute another severe strain on the resources of the private college and university. M.I.T. now offers its students an array of 2,966 courses-half of which did not exist a decade ago. Before World War II, a single professor could teach everything that Columbia expected a student to know about China; now he would pick up fragments of Sinology from 20 specialized scholars. Many of these new sciences, moreover, are primarily graduate specialties-and the universities run heavy deficits operating top M.A. and doctoral programs. University...