Word: strainingly
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...this hunch proves right, it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century's most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far-reaching implications. "What these results suggest," says Dr. Barney Graham of Vanderbilt University, "is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against...
...strain of HIV that popped up in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral replication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene--known as nef, for negative factor--that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells--white blood cells that are critical to the immune system's ability to ward off infection--it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools...
...sounds. Ronald Desrosiers at the New England Regional Primate Research Center has demonstrated that when the nef gene is removed from SIV, the virus no longer has the power to make monkeys sick. Moreover, monkeys inoculated with the nef-free SIV developed marked resistance to the more virulent strain...
This makes vaccine development extremely risky. A weakened strain of SIV that protected adult monkeys, for example, looked safe until researchers at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston showed that newborn monkeys with immature immune systems did not respond as healthy adults do. All the young primates, in fact, developed the very disease the weakened virus was supposed to prevent. For this and a host of other reasons, most AIDS researchers argue that the only prudent strategy is to concoct a hybrid vaccine, putting the key features of a disabled AIDS virus into something more benign than a retrovirus...
...Bosnia. Yuri Zarakhovich reports from Moscow that the main stumbling blocks involve capital, both economic and political: "Originally, Russia intended to field a division in Bosnia, but the Russian government recognizes that deploying a full division (roughly 20,000 troops) overseas will be too much of a financial strain to the impoverished Russian state. Now, they talk in terms of a couple of regiments (a few thousand), or even battalions (roughly 1,000 men)." Although the two countries have agreed that the Russians will supply up to 2,000 soldiers to carry out support functions in Bosnia, Zarakhovich notes that...