Word: sugar
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...University of Sao Paulo, is the first to successfully treat type 1 diabetes patients with their own stem cells. The group first reported its initial achievement in 2007, with 15 type 1 diabetes patients who received their own stem cells and no longer needed insulin to control their blood sugar levels. In the new study, a follow-up of their previous work, Voltarelli and his colleagues detailed the same success with an additional eight patients, and also confirmed that in the majority of them, the stem cell transplant led to an appreciable repopulation of functioning insulin-producing beta cells...
...grueling and toxic process in which a portion of the body's tissues - the immune system - is destroyed with dangerous radiation. Then, there is the question of timing. In most cases, patients with type 1 diabetes do not show symptoms of their disease - such as high blood sugar levels - until they have depleted their beta cell population considerably. Dr. David Nathan, director of the diabetes center at Massachusetts General Hospital, notes that at this point, there may not be enough beta cells remaining to seed a new population of insulin-growing cells, even with an infusion of stem cells...
...drinks would be useful only after several hours of exertion, when the body starts to draw upon its stored glucose, known as glycogen, for energy. But the subjects in the study were showing improved times and greater power in sessions lasting 60 minutes or less. Were they experiencing a sugar rush from the beverages they were gulping...
...answer that question, Chambers gathered a couple of dozen competitive and recreational cyclists and put them on bikes in his lab. He asked one group to rinse with a sugar-based drink and another to rinse with an artificially sweetened drink. Then he took a third group of volunteers, asked each of them to rinse with the same solutions, and put them through an MRI scanner to see whether their brain reacted similarly to the two beverages...
...surprise, they did not. The sugar-drinking volunteers showed activity in the reward and pleasure centers of the brain, while those drinking the artificially sweetened beverages did not. Chambers suspects that it's this activation of the brain that explains the enhanced performance effect of sugary energy drinks during short workouts. This theory is supported by other studies in which researchers infused carbohydrate sugar solutions directly into the body intravenously - in those cases, subjects experienced no improvement in their physical performance...