Word: susumu
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...these immune cells produce such diversity was elucidated during the mid- 1970s by Immunologist Susumu Tonegawa, now at M.I.T., who in 1987 was awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievement. Tonegawa proved that the B-cell genes that dictate the production of antibodies occur in distinct segments. These pieces, like cards in the hands of a Las Vegas dealer, are constantly and speedily shuffled into different combinations. Coupled with mutations that occur as B cells divide into plasma cells, such genes, in theory at least, could account for as many as 10 million antibody variations. Other scientists have shown that...
...University of California, Los Angeles, and French Chemist Jean-Marie Lehn, 48. The three were cited for their work, dating back as far as the 1960s, in creating artificial molecules that can mimic the behavior of hormones and other organic substances. The lone winner in medicine was Susumu Tonegawa, 48, a Japanese-born molecular biologist at M.I.T. His contribution: showing how a handful of genes in a small number of immune cells turn out a staggering variety of antibodies to protect the body against disease...
...demands as much ingenuity as planning and shooting a film. Oshima financed his last three films with help from producers in France, Britain and New Zealand. Other directors may receive grants from the Art Theater Guild, which in the past 20 years has helped launch the careers of Oshima, Susumu Hani and Masahiro Shinoda. "If Japanese cinema hasn't become extinct," says Critic Sato, "it is because of the life-and-death efforts of directors who risk their own money and property to make movies...