Word: systemics
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Test Against Experience. Berle tests his five laws mainly against American experience. The institutions through which power works, he observes, have a transient life of their own-like the French bureaucracy, which America's administrative system more and more resembles. Yet institutions are less significant, ultimately, than the system of agreed-upon ideas to which the power wielders must appeal. Growing doubt about the philosophical consensus behind American democracy, says Berle, is "the fundamental problem in America today...
...coercive power to strike, for example, is no longer directed against private management but against the public; it is not always used legitimately or even legally, as in the New York transit strike of 1966. An extended dialogue (e.g., about compulsory arbitration) is required to reach a clearer idea system about the limits on economic power...
...chaos." He foresees, however, that the court's increasing use of the 14th Amendment, especially its "equal protection of the laws" doctrine, can be logically extended from schools and voting to such new areas as the granting of private credit and pension rights and even to a system of guaranteed income by judicial decree. Judicial power, Berle feels, has not been adequately "institutionalized." It is now subject to no appeal "other than agitation or, at worst, mobs in the streets." One of Berle's proposals for institutionalizing the court's self-appointed mandate is a council...
...long as they do not threaten the superpower's safety, as Cuba threatened America's in 1962. Empires are built on fear, not greed; and if their fears are minimized, Berle asserts, their economic influence will fade into the larger reality of an autonomous world market system...
Parker said that the future improvement of the black people in the United States depends on "black capitalism and programs of self-help." Blacks should work through the American system and become entrepreneurs, he said...