Word: systemization
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Since Louis Braille devised his raised-dot alphabet in 1829, there has been no other practical means for the blind to read. For 17-year-old Candy Linvill, blind since the age of three, Braille's system of dots posed little problem, but she was still confined to those books and publications that are issued in Braille. Now, because of an ingenious new device on loan from her father's laboratory, she is freed from that limitation...
...from the day that the cave was unsealed and opened to outside air, light and visitors, archaeologists have been concerned about the effects of this exposure. By the 1950s, when as many as 125,000 people were visiting the site annually, the French had installed an elaborate air-conditioning system in an attempt to restore the original conditions of humidity, temperature and carbon-dioxide concentration in the cave. Nonetheless, the precautions failed...
...companies of such interwoven ownership that their directors answer mainly to themselves. So few investors care for these conditions that the total value of shares traded on the Milan stock exchange in a year barely equals that traded on the New York Stock Exchange in a week. Worse, the system has begun to bleed Italy of funds that the country needs at home. During the first six months of this year, some $1.5 billion in capital went abroad in search of more profitable ventures. The outflow gave Italy an $897 million balance-of-payments deficit after five years of healthy...
...Syndicate. The unhealthy financial system has come under attack from several fronts lately, as both the government and forward-looking private investors have sought to pry open the country's long-closed business establishment. Acting through a state-owned investment bank, the government-owned holding companies ENI and IRI quietly bought effective control of Montecatini Edison last October. Once in power, the state agencies ousted both Sade-Finanziaria and Italpi from a syndicate of controlling stockholders because the companies were owned by Montecatini...
...force was being created, and on the Continent its principal inventor was the despised and sickly rationalist, Cardinal Richelieu. What Richelieu devised at home was the modern European state. France was his working model, and as its most powerful Minister of government, he developed a strong, centralized, departmental administrative system that, to some extent, endures today. Abroad, his military and diplomatic machinations helped ensure the continued existence of a weakened, fragmented Europe, soon to be dominated by France. The Cardinal also devised, as Historian O'Connell relates in this clear and remarkably sympathetic study, a code of royal morality...