Word: tafts
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...country club. "Gary is as much a suburb of Chicago as Evanston," says Political Analyst Richard Scammon. The suburbs have become increasingly heterogeneous with the influx of blue-collar workers who now have middle-class incomes and attitudes. As Scammon puts it: "Workers now aren't concerned about Taft-Hartley; they're concerned about crabgrass." Along with crabgrass, ironically, come many of the problems that the new white suburbanites left the center cities to escape: higher property taxes, overcrowded schools, inadequate transportation-and racial unrest, triggered by the presence of blacks who have also fled to the suburbs...
Speaking for the court, Justice William Brennan held that the 1962 decision was in error and "subsequent events have undermined its continuing validity." Moreover, Congress's enactment of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act put a new burden on the courts to cool labor disputes by upholding arbitration and similar techniques...
Later Presidents often continued to get at least some form of authorization from Congress before taking major military plunges, but their area of discretion slowly enlarged. In 1911, President William Howard Taft moved 20,000 troops to the Mexican border to protect American lives and property threatened by the Mexican revolution−but recognized congressional jurisdiction by refusing to send forces over the boundary. Presidents asked for and received formal declarations for the War of 1812, the Spanish-American War, the Mexican War and World Wars...
...result, Chief Executives have felt increasingly free to undertake the military maneuvers required of a major nation. For its part, Congress did not assert authority over such actions as Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903 and Woodrow Wilson's willingness to do what Taft would not−send troops to chase Pancho Villa's raiders in Mexico...
Bipartisan congressional support for an anti-Communist foreign policy after World War II accelerated the trend toward presidential war power. By the time Truman dispatched troops to Korea, Ohio's Senator Robert Taft was almost alone in complaining that the President, by his undeclared "police action," had "usurped authority in violation of the laws and the Constitution." All told, it has been calculated, U.S. Presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times...