Word: tariffers
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...late as the 18th Century there was no such policy. "Free Trade," in the swaggering argot of desperados, meant smuggling, a crime punished by Death. To Queen Elizabeth, to Louis XIV or George III it seemed as natural to impose the equivalent of a modern tariff or embargo as to breathe. It seems so still to a majority of statesmen. That Great Britain in the igth Century took another line was due to such bold spirits as Thinker Adam Smith, Propagandist Richard Cobden, Pioneer Sir Robert Peel, Statesman William Ewart Gladstone, and to Geography...
...bought or sold profit accrues to both buyer and seller. Before Thinker Smith and since, the tendency of human nature has been to assume that the seller outsmarts the buyer. Nations try to outsmart each other by selling more than they buy. Each assumes that by erecting a tariff wall it will smartly reduce its own purchases (imports) while continuing to push its sales (exports...
...became Chancellor of the Exchequer, the principle of Free Trade had become so popular in Britain that he had to curb his will to revive protection. Successive Gladstone ministries made Free Trade the battle cry of the great Liberty Party. By 1879 a Liberal economist could crow: "The British tariff no longer contains within it one solitary shred of protection...
...week came this supreme paradox: Tycoon Walter Runciman, the great Liberal shipping man (Royal Mail and associated companies) whose family stands rooted in the business and politics of Free Trade, was obliged personally to draft and put into effect measures making nearly all manufactured articles liable to a British tariff up to 100% ad valorem. Thus historically he hauled down the standard of Free Trade...
...This vital fire below is the pressure of chambers of commerce and of nations of further their own individual interests. Individuals are not so much to blame, nor the oft-abused Congressmen; it is a concentration of pressure at Washington that keeps in operation a tariff which is approved by few. Such tariffs, in the opinion of Frank Simonds, lead to more deaths than wars themselves...