Word: teminism
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Back in the Radcliffe gym, Christine Temin, faculty director of dance activities at Wellesley College and a dance critic for the Boston Globe, leads a class in beginning ballet. Faces flicker from frustration to intense concentration, to joy at a move executed a little better than before. Eagerness and optimism pervades: "Don't watch the floor," says Temin. "You can convince me that, even if you're wrong, you're right--if you don't watch the floor." Even before the class ends, students for the next class come in to warm up. One remarks "bodies everywhere...
Instead, they turned to the research of Nobel Prizewinners Howard Temin and David Baltimore (TIME, July 20, 1970), who had discovered an enzyme, or chemical catalyst, capable of reversing the normal genetic process in which DNA orders the production of "messenger" molecule RNA. Their enzyme permits RNA to manufacture the master molecule DNA. The Harvard team broke down rabbit hemoglobin and isolated its RNA. They then mixed this RNA with the Temin-Baltimore enzyme in a rich nutrient broth. They were thus able to trick the RNA into making the DNA from which it itself had been produced...
...other hand, the research by the Harvard team basically adds to reseaach done by a number of other teams at the National Institute of Health and several universities. Bacterial genes were chemically synthesized in 1973 by an MIT team led by Har Gobind Khorana; Nobel Prize Winners Dr. Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin and David Baltimore at MIT first discovered the enzyme--reverse transcriptase--that was a keystone in the Harvard research; and three research groups--including one led by Baltimore--simultaneously produced one of DNA's two strands...
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE: Renato Dulbecco, 61, Howard Temin, 40, and David Baltimore...
...knew that viruses could enter a cell, seize control of its machinery and force it to reproduce copies of the viral invaders. Dulbecco, an Italian now working in London, demonstrated that the invaded cell's descendants showed the influence of the viral genes as well as its own. Temin, of the University of Wisconsin, and Baltimore, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, shattered what had been the central dogma of genetics: the belief that the master molecule DNA always passed information along to the messenger molecule RNA. The two researchers proved that the process could also work in reverse...