Word: thermal
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...because uncertain demand for the fuel by electrical utilities has made the railroads, coal's key transportation link, hesitant to upgrade their service. Moreover, opposition to the environmental hazards of coal usage (which include black lung disease, the scarring of the land by strip mining, and air, water and thermal pollution) cause the Project to condemn coal. The stalmate between government and industry leaders and nuclear power critics over the true costs and benefits of nuclear power has ruled out adoption of that power source in the short term...
...Government uses an astonishingly broad definition of solar energy. It includes passive thermal systems, like the one on the White House roof that uses 32 glass panels to heat water, photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight to electricity, and also wind power, hydroelectric dams and the burning of wood...
...extent of suffering would depend on several variables. Example: if the attack were to take place on a clear summer weekend afternoon with most people outdoors, the number exposed to direct thermal radiation would be 25 times greater than if it were a cold winter night with most people inside their homes...
...most common solar devices, accounting for 95% of sales, are the flat, boxlike, conventional thermal units that sit on rooftops. These use the sun's rays to heat water, which in turn heats home water systems. A basic series of units for a one-family home costs about $2,000 and saves only about $40 a year in fuel bills. The promising new frontier is photovoltaics, the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity by using silicon-crystal panels. Though the price of photovoltaic cells has been cut in half since 1975, the cost is still $9 per watt,*equal...
...Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) devices, which get power from the 45° F temperature differential that can exist between surface tropical water and the deep, are being studied by both Lockheed and TRW Inc. The idea is to use the warmer water to heat liquid ammonia into gas, which would drive a turbine, and then draw up cold water through long pipes to recool the gas into liquid. Tested as early as the 1930s, the idea has been shown to work, but it has never been very economical. A 10,000-Mw complex, enough for 6.6 million people, would...