Word: tightly
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...ended all pretense of civilian government; of a heart attack; in Rio de Janeiro. A leader of the then-popular military coup that deposed Leftist João Goulart in 1964, Costa e Silva was elected President with army backing in 1966 and embarked on a program of tight political and economic control. Economic austerity worked wonders, but one politically repressive move followed another until Costa e Silva dissolved Congress and instituted rule by decree. Last August he suffered a paralytic stroke and was replaced by a military junta, which two months ago named General Emílio Garrastaz...
...Friedman's monetarist view of economics, the chief instrument for controlling movements of the economy is the seven-man Federal Reserve Board. For months, the board has been following a tight-money policy of unusual severity. A year ago, it began to hold back the growth of the money supply; since midyear, it has permitted no growth at all. Ironically, Friedman's principal complaint is that the Federal Reserve is overdoing the restraints in its effort to cure inflation. "If the board continues to keep the growth of money at zero for another two months, I find it hard...
...fairly constant rate of about 5% a year, in line with the long-term growth rate of the nation's production of goods and services. Last week the Federal Reserve issued some statistics that led even a few experts to conclude prematurely that it had begun to ease its tight-money policy. In reality, the board has done no such thing. It has merely followed its usual policy of permitting a slight seasonal rise to accommodate businessmen's heavy pre-Christmas buying patterns...
...Tight money might have reduced inflation faster if big banks had not discovered ingenious methods of avoiding the Federal Reserve's pincers. To help meet corporations' vast appetites for loans in the face of the credit shortage, U.S. banks borrowed $13.3 billion in Eurodollars?U.S. dollars in private hands abroad?and brought them home. The board finally closed that loophole by imposing a 10% reserve requirement on borrowed Eurodollars. Thereafter, the banks circumvented restraint by issuing vast quantities of commercial paper ?unsecured promissory notes. Belatedly, the Reserve Board plugged that loophole by placing an interest-rate ceiling on commercial...
Investors were depressed by the fading of the unrealistic Viet Nam peace hopes that they had held in the spring, and more recently by warnings of a forthcoming economic decline. The worst depressant in the market undoubtedly has been tight money. The market frequently falls before recessions and rises when they occur; thus a 1970 recession would not necessarily make stock prices fall further. But it will be hard for stocks to rally briskly until credit is eased. Economists generally expect that interest rates will taper off slightly?perhaps by 1% or a bit more?as production and demand slacken...