Word: tobacco
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...which had 40 negotiators working in relays, dickered for lower duties abroad on U.S. tobacco, foodstuffs and autos. Indian officials haggled over jute, Uruguayans over wheat and wool, Argentines over meat. The measure of GATT's success was that members have already reached agreement on most of the single items capable of being negotiated. Said one official: "It's getting very difficult to squeeze the orange any more." Prodded by the European Common Market countries, GATT was moving from piecemeal agreements toward a "linear" approach, by which nations would negotiate sweeping, across-the-board cuts on all their...
...memo noted. "It is difficult for most people in India to take seriously a claim to religious insight which is not accompanied by an element of austerity in regard to such matters as food and living conditions ... It would be wise to limit the use of alcohol and tobacco, to avoid extravagant spending, and to accept with serenity any small discomforts or difficulties which one may encounter...
...early followers were big enough to be trapped in fine porcelain filters, devised by Pasteur's assistant Charles Chamberland, and to be seen under the 19th century light microscope. It was a temperamental Dutch botanist, Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931), who found that whatever caused mosaic disease in tobacco plants could slip through the minute pores of these filters. In 1897 he concluded that this infectious, filter-passing fluid was a "filterable virus." The word virus had been loosely used for centuries to denote any "poison" that caused infectious disease...
...Tobacco. But the study of viruses in the 1930s was still a toddler among the sciences; no U.S. university even had a chair in virology. Medical texts of the period were studded with such notations as: "The cause of this disease is believed to be a filterable virus, but has not been isolated," Virology needed new foundations to build...
...microscope, in which beams of electrons are focused sharply enough to take photographs of objects less than a millionth of an inch across. This made many virus particles visualizable-and another Rockefeller fellow had something to visualize. Indiana-born Wendell Stanley went back to Beijerinck's favorite, the tobacco mosaic virus, or TMV, and spent years in a Princeton laboratory cooking down a ton of sickly tobacco leaves, filtering and re-filtering, dissolving and redissolving, until he had isolated the cause of this economically costly disease. What he had to show for years of imaginative perseverance was about...