Word: toile
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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John Paul's third encyclical exalts the dignity of toil...
...relax and reflect upon the hard-won rights gained by workers in decades past: the 40-hour week, paid vacations and sick leave, to name a few. But while millions pause next Monday to enjoy backyard barbecues or walks on the beach, a silent, almost invisible labor force will toil on without a break. In steamy sweatshops, scorched fields and cramped kitchens across the U.S., these underground workers will labor long hours for low pay under conditions that seem out of the pages of Charles Dickens...
GARMENT INDUSTRY. Throughout New York City, the center of American garment manufacturing, the kind of horrid sweatshop common in the early 1900s is flourishing anew. In Chinatown lofts, Queens garages and South Bronx storefronts, workers toil from dawn until well past dark sewing pants, shirts and blouses for as little as 8? apiece. The rooms are often dimly lit and poorly ventilated. In many cases, huge rolls of cloth block fire exits. The workers range from the young to the very old. In a raid on Chinatown sweatshops last spring, federal investigators found one 90-year-old woman...
...matched his own stern definition of a hero: someone willing "to live in toil, suffering, pain and sacrifice for years." Yet he was neither a political rabble-rouser nor a Christian martyr. Violence was abhorrent to him; indeed, his personal intercession helped prevent bloody clashes at more than one critical juncture in his nation's history. But no army of freedom fighters could have done more than Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski to wear down the all-embracing authority of Poland's atheistic Communist regime...
...generations of immigrants, work was ultimately availing; the numb toil of an illiterate grandfather got the father a foothold and a high school education, and the son wound up in college or even law school. A woman who died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in lower Manhattan had a niece who made it to the halcyon Bronx, and another generation on, the family went to Westchester County. So for millions of Americans, as they labored through the complexities of generations, work worked, and the immigrant work ethic came at last to merge with the Protestant work ethic...