Word: tokenism
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...biggest roadblock to token integration in New Orleans schools is not the picket line of screaming women but the rabble-rousing state legislature, under the thumb of songwriting Governor Jimmie (You Are My Sunshine) Davis. Early in the six-week-old battle of New Orleans, Federal Judge J. Skelly Wright issued a series of sweeping injunctions to prevent Governor and legislators from intervening, by one legal subterfuge or another, with integration...
...Then, on a friend's advice, he ran for lieutenant governor, won with surprising ease. Two years later, Governor William Umstead died of a heart attack, and Hodges moved into the executive mansion. Although a segregationist himself, he planned so successfully for school integration (of the token variety) that North Carolina has had fewer legal problems than almost any other Southern state. As Governor, Hodges traveled endlessly promoting new business, has lured more than $1 billion in investment to North Carolina since 1954; at the same time he pushed stiff zoning laws past his legislature to prevent industrial blight...
Mobs chanted outside his office not long ago, and a secretary rushed in with a rumor that in ten minutes the building would go up in smoke. Grinned Redmond: "What color?" At the two nearly deserted schools that took in token Negroes (three in one; one in the other), he keeps idle teachers at work every day planning and preparing lessons...
...unusual," he remarked, "but it is never out of place." A Republican, Hoffman was born in New Jersey, but spent his long career as a trial lawyer in Virginia. His major legal monument is a series of important decisions in 1957 and 1958 that led to token integration of Norfolk's public schools. With unfailing sympathetic words. Judge Hoffman ruled in case after case that Virginia's much-imitated pupil-placement system-a Governor-appointed state board with sweeping powers to locate students in specific schools-was an evasive effort to keep schools segregated. In February 1959, Norfolk...
...situation alive by refusing to grant funds. However, such action can only lead to a closing of the public schools and it is doubtful whether the people of the city would permit this to continue, any more than they have in Arkansas where Faubus has been forced to begin token integration...