Word: tools
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...Economic League has accomplished much in calling attention to government expenditures, and in creating what is essentially a lobby for reducing them. One, indeed, may deprecate the necessity for employing such a tool as the lobby; nevertheless, it is undeniable that that tool has been, in many respects, a valuable one. But by issuing figures, like the ones above, which can easily be turned to the support of the opposition, the League has weakened its own case, leaving an inviting and vulnerable opening to those who are opposed, on one ground or another, to government cuts...
...orchestration, these essays show a keen perception and understanding. Whether he treats of Prokofieff or Wagner, he writes with a detached and unwavering judgment. To him the greatest of music is a combination of form and inspiration. Folk songs should not be an end in themselves, but a tool in the hands of a Vaughan Williams or a Chopin for the highest realization of their possibilities. Nationalism in music is for him a fallacy, since music is so universal as to be above political cr even racial boundaries. And Wagner's supreme failure was in his attempt to make music...
...bath of nitric acid. Few people know that the etcher's needle should never scratch the plate itself (unless he is making a drypoint). Depth of line for increased blackness is all done by action of the acid. A goose feather is the best possible tool for brushing away microscopic gas bubbles while the plate is in the bath. Much of the effect of Whistler's etchings is due to the fact that he was a superb wiper, had an unerring touch in wiping just the right amount of excess ink from his plates before each printing...
...normal effect in a woodcut is a white line on a black ground. To make black show against white, the boxwood must be cut away on either side of the line, a delicate operation. Wood-engravers' tools are a series of little chisels and gouges known for the marks they make as scorper, square scorper, graver, tint tool, multiple tool (eschewed by severe wood cutters 'as giving a pretty effect too easily) and spitzsticker. An amateur of wood engravings should be able to tell from the marks they leave just which tool was used on every part...
Second issue, cloth, with tool in center of back cover...