Word: toughness
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Chavez was not the first to try to organize farm workers. Ineffective efforts to found agricultural unions date back to the turn of the century. But only in Hawaii, where Harry Bridges' tough longshoremen's union used its muscle to win the first farm-labor contract for sugar-cane workers in 1945, did unionization take hold. Agriculture is outside the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board, which has provided federal ground rules for industrial workers' unions since 1935; on a national level, there is no similar mechanism for farm workers...
...Chavez signed up a group of rose grafters and won a strike vote for higher wages. Everyone pledged not to go to work, but just to make sure that no one did, Chavez and Dolores Huerta, his tiny, tough assistant, made the rounds early on the strike's first morning. Mrs. Huerta saw a light in one house where four of the workers lived. She reminded them of their pledge, but they had changed their minds. Mrs. Huerta moved her truck so that it blocked their driveway and put the key in her purse. The incident illustrated the charge that...
...Pachuco: tough guy. Used of teenage Mexican-American boys in gangs. During World War II, dressed in gaudy zoot suits, they were the target of racial violence in Los Angeles and elsewhere...
...police terror that characterized the days of deposed Stalinist Boss Antonin Novotny. So far, there have been no reported arrests. The fear is that Husák will be elbowed aside by the new No. 2 man. He is Lubomir Strougal, 45, a conservative Czech who is a tough political infighter and has no qualms about political arrests. Gustav Husák spent nine years in Novotny's prisons, while Strougal served the old dictator for four years as Interior Minister and boss of the secret police...
...three decisions exemplified the court's insistence that the states observe strictly the Constitution's guarantees of fair procedure. They also typified what University of Chicago Law Professor Harry Kalven Jr. calls the Warren court's "appetite for action" and its penchant for "taking on tough social questions where the pressures were very high." That penchant has, of course, kept Warren and his associates embroiled in constant controversy. The court has been accused of everything from coddling criminals and handcuffing the police to approving hard-core pornography and banishing God from the public schools...