Word: township
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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South Africa's system of apartheid sets up homelands, like Bophuthatswana, where Blacks may live. If Blacks have a job in a white urban area, they may live in a township, like Soweto, an all-Black settlement closer to their jobs. But there's not enough housing in the townships for all those who need it, so many Blacks live in illegal squatter camps...
...March, Waldorf visited a Black township for the first time to attend a funeral for seven African National Congress members. The funeral march, made up of 30,000 mourners, struck Waldorf with its "exhilarating spirit." He says he found "a sense of unity and solidarity in the Black community. Yet three months later that unity had evaporated...
...firms about following the equal- employment practices spelled out in the Sullivan Principles, which most American firms support. Black leaders also fear that corporate contributions to housing and education programs may fade. The pullout also threatens the future of Pace College, a technical school in the black Soweto township that is funded by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce of South Africa. Boycotts by student militants forced the school to close last week, but Chamber President Kenneth Mason hopes to see it reopen in January. He warns, though, that a continued exodus of American companies could keep the college closed...
...A.N.C.'s policy of nonviolence received a sudden and brutal setback in 1960 when police killed 69 unarmed blacks attending a political protest in Sharpeville, a black township 35 miles from Johannesburg. Shortly thereafter, leadership of the organization passed to two of the organization's young comers, Mandela and Tambo, who were law partners and longtime congress members. The A.N.C. was banned by the Pretoria government and began carrying out armed attacks from underground. Mandela and most other A.N.C. leaders were eventually captured and sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage. Tambo escaped because he had been sent abroad to open...
...A.N.C. Helms contended that the evidence shows A.N.C. leadership to be "fully penetrated and dominated by members of the S.A.C.P." As the group's exile continued into the 1970s, its influence among South African blacks declined somewhat. But that changed after a mass uprising in the black township of Soweto near Johannesburg in 1976. An estimated 4,000 young blacks fled the country to avoid detention, and most of them joined the A.N.C. The result was an infusion of new blood and fighting spirit. Well before Tambo's recent declaration of a people's war, A.N.C. guerrillas armed with Soviet...