Word: toxins
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...Women's Medical College and a year of graduate study abroad, Dr. Williams joined the city's laboratory staff in 1895. One year later she made her first important contribution to preventive medicine - the discovery of a strain of diphtheria bacillus which produced an extremely virulent toxin. It made possible mass production of the anti-diphtheria serum which has nearly banished that dis ease from the world. Dog-bite victims once had to wait ten awful days to know if they had contracted rabies. In 1904, Dr. Williams and an Italian investigator discovered, simultaneously but independently, the bodies...
First they proved on guinea pigs, rabbits and themselves that the placental extracts were not poisonous and caused no sex derangements. Then on guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys they demonstrated that the extract neutralized diphtheria toxin and infantile paralysis virus, and caused scarlet fever rashes to blanch. By good fortune 15 children who never had had measles were exposed to measles in Drs. McKhann & Chu's hospital. Ordinarily every one of them would have caught it. So the doctors took a small risk by injecting each child with the placental extract. Fourteen children showed no signs of measles...
When the child was one year old, she received toxin-antitoxin against diphtheria. The serum came from a horse. Last year she was exposed to diphtheria. The doctor injected a protective dose of antitoxin (derived from a horse) in her left buttock. The part swelled. Three days later the doctor found diphtheria germs in cultures from her nose and throat, and at once gave her a large dose of antitoxin in the right buttock. That antitoxin also came from a horse. The left buttock was still swollen. Within a few days the right buttock swelled and, as the days passed...
...been cut in half? from 2% to 3% before 1900 to less than 1.2% now. In 1900 more than 16 of 100 babies died before they were one year old. Now only 7 of 100 die. By teaching the public to use typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines and diphtheria antitoxins and toxin-antitoxins mortality in these diseases has been...
Later Dr. Theobald Smith, of the Rockefeller Institute, found that if a little diphtheria toxin were added to antitoxin the mixture would immunize animals against the disease. At once Dr. William Hallock Park, director of New York City's health department laboratories, and his associate, the late Dr. Abraham Zingher, began to immunize children with the toxin-antitoxin mixture. That mixture is what the "healthmobiles" were administering last week. Three to six months are necessary before immunity is established...