Word: tribal
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...Anbar, said Kelly, wasn't the 30,000-strong U.S. surge, which sent relatively few reinforcements to Anbar. Instead, the local population - mostly Sunnis who had largely supported the insurgents - grew so fed up with the brutality of the al-Qaeda element that it rose up against the insurgency. Tribal sheiks who had once fought against U.S. forces began to work with the Marines in a tacit "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" alliance. "If the objective is zero violence in the nation of Iraq, it's impossible," Kelly said. "But if the objective is [to reduce] violence...
...Lengthy queues soon formed by the chairlift, with thousands of worshippers keen to cross the river and attend the militant leader's Friday sermons. Swat's established élite looked on with mounting anxiety. "The followers multiplied inexorably," says a member of Swat's Wali family, the traditional tribal leader, declining to be identified by name. "We were feeling Fazlullah was a political threat. What we built over 150 years could just go in one fatwa. [The militants] played on the deep religious sentiment of the people, their economic deprivation and sense of neglect...
Government officials argue that by imposing Shari'a law, Islamabad is merely bowing to what is a popular local demand. The Swat Valley was traditionally a princely state that operated its own tribal system of governance until its merger with Pakistan in 1969. One of the factors that appears to have contributed to Fazlullah's ascent was his call for a return to a Shari'a-based system that offers swift justice and, therefore, relief from what many allege is Pakistan's venal police and court system. By stealing a march on Fazlullah, the government believes that...
...which catalogues Fani-Kayode’s photography from 1983 until his AIDS-related death in 1989, serves as a testament to that struggle. In embracing himself through photographic self-portraits, Fani-Kayode bares himself—everything from his homosexuality to his Yoruba tribal heritage to his life in the West.Fani-Kayode’s artwork was inspired by “techniques of ecstasy,” a material and ceremonial form of inspiration used by Yoruba tribesmen to escape the bounds of the physical world and break through to the spiritual world. Through his photography, Fani-Kayode...
...common in the West to read about African lives in grim statistical terms, so we've become inured to these huge numbers of deaths. Making matters worse, the conflict in Congo is often seen as a hopelessly byzantine African tribal war, encouraging the damning notion that nothing will ever change. This, of course, creates a sense of hopelessness - and nothing cuts down on humanitarian, foreign and development assistance so much as the jaded diminution of hope. The nation most in need of investment gets the least by the cruel logic that it is the most broken. It is a self...