Word: tribalized
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...impression that its history is one of unbroken war, feuding and violence that reaches back as far as Alexander the Great [THE WAR, Nov. 19]. You failed to mention the remarkable story of how, in the 1930s and '40s, under the spiritual leadership of Badshah Khan, a Pashtun tribal leader and close ally of Mohandas Gandhi's, 100,000 Pashtun warriors embraced nonviolence, enduring harsh repression at the hands of the British. In a time when Muslims, including ethnic Pashtun, are feared and even despised, the public doesn't know that an Islamic leader took those same people...
...errant American bomb that killed three U.S. commandos. Karzai steadied himself and held two days of talks with the two Taliban commanders, the intended targets of the U.S. strike. The next day he made the deal for "a slow and orderly" transfer of power from the Taliban to a tribal council of non-Taliban leaders...
...Taliban's final retreat was characteristically craven. Taliban sources told TIME that Omar "resisted handover until the end"--until his commanders turned against him--and then vanished. The bulk of the Afghan Taliban fled in the middle of the night to avoid reprisals by the tribal elders who immediately carved up the city. On liberation day Kandahar was as chaotic as it was joyous. Non-Taliban forces led by Mullah Naqib Ullah, an Omar backer and member of the Alokzai tribe who was handed control of part of the city, skirmished with men loyal to Sherzai trying to grab their...
...euphoria of victory fades, it's becoming clear that some commanders are more equal than others. While Mohaqiq spends his days sitting by his satellite phone swatting away the occasional autumn fly in an empty meeting room, Atta's home is crowded with tribal elders and local dignitaries paying respects and requesting his signature on a flurry of papers. In turn, both Atta and Mohaqiq are required to drive out of the city to Dostum's fort when the veteran warlord summons them. (Dostum also maintains a castle-like complex in Shiburghan, some two hours west of Mazar.) And while...
Many other arms stretched the same way: Indian, Persian, Arab, Mongol, Turkish, Chinese. There were also lesser-known tribal groups, like the Kushans, a Central Asian nomadic lot who around the start of the Christian era controlled northern India, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, using the Kabul region as a summer vacation spot. For all their power, the Kushans handled cultural and religious diversity better than those who have ruled Afghanistan in recent decades. Cambon says they showed "an extreme tolerance and true eclecticism if we bear in mind the diverse origins of the divinities that appear on the reverse...