Word: tribalized
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Hall says he confronted the department's notion that African studies belonged only to the field of anthropology. "The idea was that Africa doesn't have a history. Anthropology was the history of the history-less, the tribal, non-literate people...
...South Africa's House of Assembly (the scuffle marks are still visible), and his bronze bust continues to glower from its plinth in the old entrance hall. One imagines he would never have countenanced the vibrant scene last week, as the House opened its new session complete with tribal dress in the back benches. But Verwoerdian notions about decorum, among other topics, no longer hold sway in a government whose face has changed dramatically overnight. Parliament, with its stuffy, Westminster-style affectations, has already begun to adapt...
...hold on power was challenged by better-educated Tutsi rivals, the Hutu government increased ethnic tensions by creating a sense of tribal solidarity -- a useful distraction from the internal power struggles among northern and southern Hutu. All Rwandans were required to carry racial- identity cards; there was talk of herding Tutsi into certain regions, an apartheid imposed by blacks on fellow blacks. Any effort by Tutsi to reassert themselves met with a vicious and murderous response. "There was bludgeoning of public opinion," argues Philip Reyntjens, professor of law and politics at the University of Antwerp in Belgium. "Ethnicity does...
...Rwanda catastrophe was more than a simple tribal meltdown, it also showed signs of being the kind of conflict that scholars warn will haunt the world for decades to come. These wars are not started by statesmen or fought by armies or ended by treaties. The tribal skirmishes recall the wars of the Middle Ages, when religion and politics and economics and social conflicts all messily intertwined...
From Iraq to the former Soviet empire to the Balkans, the authoritarian state exists as a piece of machinery, man-made, breakable, the borders etched by diplomats ignorant of or indifferent to ancient claims and tribal hate. Kurds fight for their freedom from Iraq and Turkey; Tamils battle Sinhalese in Sri Lanka; Armenians fight Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh; Albanian Muslims and Serbs circle each other in Kosovo. Last week Yemen was the latest country to break apart, as those in the south accused the northerners of attempting to further impoverish them. The struggles can be ancient and visceral, religious...