Word: tribalized
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...sense built into the Constitution right alongside its ennobling visions of governance. The Founding Fathers viewed Indians as foreigners who shared the continent, not citizens whose rights required enumeration and protection. While women were disenfranchised by assumption, and blacks by infamously intricate calculation, Indians were excluded flat out. Tribal Indians were not to be counted when figuring the representation or the taxes required from each state. Article I empowered Congress to regulate commerce "with the Indian Tribes." The power proved to be all but unfettered. In almost 400 treaties with various tribes, the U.S. predatorily acquired nearly 1 billion acres...
...pushed toward the contentiousness of majority rule, without most of the rights that go with it. In 1924 Congress granted citizenship and the vote to all Indians. But it was not until 1968 that Congress extended guarantees of free speech and due process to Indians on reservations, ensuring that tribal custom did not preclude constitutional rights. The Reagan Administration has been dealing with the tribes on a government-to-gover nment basis in a reaffirmation of Indian sovereignty. Despite recent moves toward greater economic development and self-government, in many respects the Indians remain an occupied nation. The suffering...
Leaders in Africa, confronted by tribal rivalries and the constant threat of coups, have taken far greater pains to stay in power than to preserve democratic rights. Troublesome constitutions are usually ignored or tailored to suit. "If anyone speaks to you about a multiparty political system, catch him and hit him hard," declared Gabon President Albert-Bernard (Omar) Bongo in a widely quoted 1983 speech. At least 28 of the continent's 53 states have only one political party, and 27 African nations are under military rule. Countries ranging from Guinea in West Africa to Somalia in the east have...
Until the gold strike three years ago, the Salesians' placid principality resembled the 18th century Jesuit compounds in Paraguay that are celebrated in the film The Mission. The Indians' spiritual traditions provided a foundation for the Salesian priests and nuns who supplanted the tribal shamans. The Salesians stressed education and introduced infirmaries, orchards and craft workshops. The Indians became heavily dependent upon the mission, which bartered or bought handicrafts and art, resold them to outsiders and used most of the proceeds to maintain the church's services...
Though the Salesians deny it, critics say Dom Miguel meddled in tribal politics to advance pro-mission Indians, threatened excommunication for those who disobeyed and even controlled access to the military planes that until lately provided the only transportation in and out of the area. A fervent anti-Communist and admirer of the military, Dom Miguel belongs to the minority of Brazil's bishops who oppose left-wing liberation theology, which follows Marxist-style analysis of social oppression...