Word: tribalized
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...though he was overwhehningly re-elected last August, highlighted the pattern of failure that has plagued black Africa in the quarter-century since most of its nations became independent. The problems of Nigeria are, by and large, those that afflict the entire continent: abject poverty, rampant corruption, gross mismanagement, tribal enmity, uncontrolled population growth. If, in spite of its assets, Nigeria cannot break out of the vicious cycle of political instability and economic decline, the prospects for most of the continent's other countries appear all the bleaker (see following story...
...problems. However they may feel about the colonial era, it cannot be expunged from history. The positive legacies of the past must be emphasized, while new ideas are tested to deal with the problems of the present and future. A high priority will be to chip away at divisive tribal enmities. Finally, Africans must accept the essential requirement of political stability: the orderly, peaceful transfer of power in the best interest of the governed. Without that resolve, nationhood in Africa will too often be, as it has been in the past, a sad parody of itself. -By Russ Hoyle. Reported...
...Hisséne Habré. The U.S. provided AW ACS planes and antiaircraft missiles to Chad; it has also negotiated the use of port facilities and airstrips in Kenya and Somalia. "We are undergoing a second colonialization," protests a Tanzanian academic. "Our present leaders are just like the old tribal chiefs who signed pacts with colonizers for a few beads. Friendship and military pacts are now penciled up in return for guns, aid or cash loans. Africa is up for grabs...
...more against man-or more accurately, more against the tribe-than against God. Harold R. Isaacs, a journalist and political scientist, observed in his 1975 book Idols of the Tribe: "We are experiencing on a massively universal scale a convulsive ingathering of people in their numberless grouping of kinds-tribal, racial, linguistic, religious, national. It is a great clustering into separatenesses that will, it is thought, improve, assure, or extend each group's power or place, or keep it safe or safer from the power, threat, or hostility of others." But such fragmentation does not open people up through...
...20th century has been one of enormous tribal slaughter, much of it distant from the world's eyes. As many as 200,000 Tutsi and Hutu tribesmen massacred one another during tribal warfare in Burundi in the early 1970s, for example. Some 3,000 Bengalis were murdered in Assam, India, last February. More than 100,000 Iranians and Iraqis have been killed in their war, which is now three years old. And each slaughter enforces upon the survivors in the tribe the imperative to take revenge...