Word: tribalized
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Ojukwu was betting that the centrifugal forces of tribal, religious and economic rivalry would tear Nigeria apart in time to save Biafra. But his men ran out of food before that debatable historical process could run its course. Thousands of them faded into the bush, shed their uniforms and, clad only in shorts, melted into streams of refugees. The Nigerians overran Owerri, the last remaining city of any size (250,-000) in Biafra. Then they pressed on toward Uli with their 122-mm. Soviet cannon, shelling the strip from a range of 13 miles...
...present stage of development, Black Africa is gripped by primeval tribal loyalties that stand in the way of nation building. Had the Ibo secession worked, some of Africa's 6,000 other tribal groups would undoubtedly have been encouraged to seek independence, setting back the process of political modernization indefinitely. Conversely, the victory of the central government may strengthen the forces that hope to create strong federal systems in Africa...
Though each African country has its own unique problems, all share the common difficulty of tribalism. Education and industrialization are gradually creating a more sophisticated urban class. Nevertheless, most Black Africans retain such intense allegiance to their tribes that they actively distrust most outsiders. That attitude breeds tribal nepotism within governments, fosters rivalries and often leads to bloodshed...
...officials' crimes were ostensibly ideological; actually, the troubles were tribal. All 18 were members or close relatives of the Bakongo tribe, whose members make up nearly half of the country's 900,000 population. The current rulers are northerners, members of a group of anti-Bakongo minority tribes. As an African diplomat summed it up: "The Brazzaville Congo has become the world's first tribal Communist state -and that, of course, is a contradiction in terms...
Obote was rushed to a hospital, where doctors said that he had suffered a head wound but would recover. His government declared a state of emergency, banned the small opposition Democratic Party, and kept a watchful eye on the Buganda area, largest of the four former tribal kingdoms within Uganda. In transforming his country into a republic, Obote has harshly suppressed many of Buganda's people. Three years ago, Obote's troops drove the once powerful Kabaka of Buganda, who was known as "King Freddie," from his palace in Kampala...